城市自然城市探险中如何发现独特的建筑和景观的十点倡导
Ten Points of Advocacies of Urban Nature
城市的形成和发展与自然环境密切相关。没有特定的自然条件城市探险中如何发现独特的建筑和景观，就不会有特定的城市。在持续的演变过程中，城市与自然的关系也在改变。伴随着近40年的快速城市化发展，中国的城市更是在迅速拓张，许多原来分布在城市外围的湖荡、山丘和阡陌农田都变成了新城的一部分。
曾经位于山前或山间盆地中的城市，由于城市的围山发展，一些原本远离市区的山脉，已成为或将成为城市的中心，就如同广州的白云山、南宁的青秀山、成都的龙泉山、温州的大罗山等。而随着长沙、株洲和湘潭区域一体化发展的深入，位于各自城市之外，又处在三城几何中心约400平方公里的山峦丘陵将逐步成为长株潭都市圈的生态绿心和共享的中央公园。由于城市跨河向对岸发展，一些原本在城外流淌的河流，已成为或将成为城市中的内河，如兰州和济南的黄河、杭州的钱塘江、上海的黄浦江以及南京的长江。曾经远离城市的湖泊，也成了城市中的内湖，如苏州的金鸡湖和绍兴的镜湖等。城市的扩张和连片发展，使得那些以往位于城市外围具有相当规模的山山水水，逐渐被包裹在城市之中，成为位于城市中心的大尺度绿色空间。
然而我们的城市是否会因此离自然越来越近？城市的生态环境是否会愈来愈好？更多的市民是否具有了与自然相伴的诗意栖居？如果超大尺度的城市绿心只是孤立的绿岛，无法如心脏的功能一般，通过廊道将自然注入不同的城市区域，并连接城外的自然空间，那么绿心带给城市的或许更多的是空间上的阻碍和联系上的不便，自身也将成为一座生态孤岛。如果由于自然区域纳入城市之中而不得不对其进行更多的人为干预，必然会改变其固有的自然属性，整洁优美会代替杂乱荒蛮，防洪堤坝将约束自然河道，各种游览道路和设施也会深入每一片拥有风景的区域。这种被人类驯服的自然不可能与区域中的原生自然一样承载多样的物种栖息，也难以发挥应有的生态系统服务功能，同时还会使不同城市间的风景愈加趋同。
一座宜居的城市不仅仅依赖于大规模的生态空间，更重要的是有合理的城市结构，以及生产、生活、生态空间完善的内在联系与协调。而对于市民来说，自然的福祉并不在于城市中自然空间的尺度和数量，而是在于自然能够被我们所亲近、感知和享用。依托中国的自然环境、气候条件以及中国人改造自然、利用自然的途径，历史上的中国城市都形成了独特的自然系统，中国今天的城市应该有怎样的自然，来支撑城市的生态安全和公共生活？我们应该对城市中的自然提出一些战略性的倡导。
1.必要性。城市是地球上受人类干预强度最大的区域。任何城市，要实现安全、健康、宜居和优美的人居环境，一定要有结构完整、功能复合的维持城市机体良性运转的自然系统，作为生态基础设施，构筑起人工建造与自然之间动态的平衡与和谐。
2.区域性与系统性。所有城市都是区域中的城市，城市中的自然亦是区域中的自然。任何城市，如果仅仅依靠城市内部的自然都难以支撑起生态的健康，但城市的发展也未必需要将区域中的大山大水纳入城市版图之中，重要的是必须有贯穿城市内外的，将城市中的自然与区域中的山水林田连为一体的自然生态网络。
3.保护与保留。城市固有的贯穿内外的自然系统和山水结构体系多是基于区域的地理和气候条件平博官网，在传统的土地利用方式下，经过漫长的岁月沉淀而逐步形成的，这样的自然系统具有相当强的综合性、多功能性和韧性，应该得到很好的珍视。城市内外的生态敏感区域、生态脆弱区域和具有特殊生态系统服务价值的区域也必须得到有效的保护。
4.综合性。城市中的自然发挥着生态系统服务、市民游憩休闲、历史文化传承、城市形象塑造、经济生产等综合功能。自然空间都是多功能的，应该摒弃单一功能的限定，再小的自然空间也应该发挥综合的价值，但不同的自然空间在生态价值、社会价值、历史价值、生产价值和美学价值等方面的作用会有所侧重。
5.自然属性。城市中的自然是多样的，城市中的自然区域，特别是大尺度的自然区域应该具有充分的自然属性。城市中还要有一定的摒除或基本排除人为干扰和控制的区域，让那里的自然能够按自身的规律演替，从而形成城市中的荒野或次生荒野，以在维护城市健康、保护生态环境、承载生物栖息等方面发挥更加高效的生态价值。
6.公共性。城市中大部分的自然区域也是市民生活的室外公共空间，应该通过各种廊道或微廊道将城市街区与这些自然空间相连，使得开放的绿地具备方便的可达性、连通性、渗透性和共享性，满足市民休憩、交流、运动、观光、教育、娱乐等多元丰富的室外生活需求。
7.基础设施生态化。城市的生态系统极为脆弱，各种灰色基础设施占据了城市中最大的面积，并挤压着城市自然空间的范围。这些基础设施的设计和建设都应该将对生态的不利影响减到最小，同时鼓励在满足其安全及功能的前提下，为自然过程的维护留下充分的条件，比如防护堤的生态化、铺装的透水化等平博客户端。各类建筑更应为自然的生长留下可能的空间，这不仅仅限于建筑的屋顶及墙面的绿化。
8.地域性。不同地区的文化多样性反映出孕育不同文化的自然多样性。城市中的自然应该折射出地域的文化，提醒我们独特的地方文化和价值。城市中的自然应该保持自然地形地貌，采用地带性植物，延续历史特征，鼓励尊重自然、依托地理，尊重文化、依托生活的设计。
9.精神属性平博官网。中国人自古就将情感与心灵寄托于自然之中，山水林泉历来是中国人心中的风景；田园，作为城市与自然之间过渡的农业区域，不仅关系人类的生存，也是自然生态系统的重要组成部分，更是人类情感的家园。城市中的自然要成为诗意的自然，注入中国人的生活，承载中国人特有的审美。
10.生产性。鼓励在有条件的前提下，绿地，特别是社区中的绿地能成为生产性的花园，不仅可以带来蔬菜等食物的生产，还能让居民更直接地亲近自然，缓解都市生活压力，创造融洽的邻里交往机会，也能让孩子们接受更多的自然教育，培养城市探险中如何发现独特的建筑和景观他们健康的心智。
实现了这些倡导，城市中的自然就不会只是地图上的一抹绿色，而是融入我们生活中的自然，是我们在不经意间听见的午后蝉鸣和雨后池塘里的蛙声；在不经意间看见的草木萌发、野花绽放、鹰击长空、燕来雁归；看见的林中雀跃的鸟儿、忙碌的松鼠、河边摇曳的芦苇和水中游翔的鱼虾；看见的层林尽染和金黄的田野、草丛中跳跃的蚂蚱和螳螂。
The formation and development of cities are closely related to the natural environment. Without specific natural conditions, there would be no specific cities. In the process of continuous evolution, the relationship between city and nature is also changing. With the rapid development of urbanization in the past 40 years, Chinese cities are expanding rapidly. Many lakes, hills and farmlands that were originally distributed on the periphery of the city have become part of the new city.
For cities that were once located in front of mountains or in mountain basins, due to the urban development surrounding the mountains, some mountains that were originally far away from the urban area have become or will become the center of the city, just like Baiyun Mountain in Guangzhou, Qingxiu Mountain in Nanning, Longquan Mountain in Chengdu, Daluo Mountain in Wenzhou, and so on. With the deepening of the regional integration of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan, the 400 square kilometers of mountains and hills located outside their respective cities but in the geometric center of the three cities will gradually become the ecological green center and shared central park of the Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan metropolitan areas. As the city develops across the river to the opposite bank, some rivers that originally flowed outside the city have become or will become inland rivers in the city, such as the Yellow River in Lanzhou and Jinan, Qiantang River in Hangzhou, Huangpu River in Shanghai, and the Yangtze River in Nanjing. Lakes that were once far away from the city have also become inner lakes in the city, such as Jinji Lake in Suzhou and Jinghu Lake in Shaoxing. The expansion and contiguous development of cities have made mountains and rivers of considerable scales located in the periphery of the city are gradually wrapped in the city and become a large-scale green space in the center of the city.
However, will our cities get closer and closer to nature as a result? Will the city's ecological environment get better and better? Do more citizens have a poetic dwelling with nature? If the super large-scale urban green heart is just an isolated green island and cannot function like a heart, injecting nature into different urban areas through corridors and connecting the natural space outside the city, then the green heart may bring rather the obstacle in space and the inconvenience in connection to the city, and will become an ecological island itself. If more human intervention is necessary for the natural area to be incorporated into the city, it will inevitably change its inherent natural attributes. Cleanliness and grace will replace clutter and barbarity, flood control dams will constrain the natural river, and various tourist roads and facilities will also go deep into every area with scenery. This kind of nature tamed by humans cannot bear the habitat of diverse species like the native nature in the region, and it is also difficult to perform its due ecosystem service functions. At the same time, it will make the sceneries of different cities more and more similar.
A livable city not only relies on large-scale ecological space, but more importantly, it has a reasonable urban structure, as well as the perfect internal connection and coordination of production, living, and ecological space. For citizens, the well-being of nature does not lie in the scale and quantity of natural spaces in the city, but lies in the fact that nature can be approached, perceived and enjoyed by people. Relying on China's natural environment, climatic conditions, and the ways the Chinese people transform and use nature, Chinese cities in history formed unique natural systems. What kind of nature should China's contemporary cities have to support the ecological safety and public life of the city? We should put forward some strategic advocacies for nature in the city.
1. Necessity. Cities are the most intensively human-intervened areas of on the planet. For any city to achieve a safe, healthy, livable and beautiful living environment, it must have a natural system with complete structure and compound functions that maintains the benign operation of the city's organisms. As an ecological infrastructure, it builds a dynamic relationship of balance and harmony between man-made construction and nature.
2. Regionality and systematicness. All cities are cities in the regions, and the nature in the city is also the nature in the region. For any city, it is difficult to support the health of the ecology if it only relies on the nature inside the city, but the development of the city does not necessarily include the mountains and rivers in the region into the city's territory. It is important to have a natural ecological network that runs through the inside and outside of the city and connects the nature in the city with the mountains, rivers, forests and fields in the region.
3. Protection and preservation. The inherent natural systems and landscape structural systems that run through the inside and outside of the city are mostly based on regional geographic and climatic conditions. Under the traditional land use methods, they are gradually formed after long years of accumulation. Such natural systems are quite comprehensive, versatile and resilient, and should be well valued. Ecologically sensitive areas, ecologically fragile areas, and areas with special ecosystem service values inside and outside the city, should also be effectively protected.
4. Comprehensiveness. The nature in the city plays the comprehensive functions of ecosystem services, citizens' recreation and leisure, historical and cultural inheritance, city image shaping, economic production, and so on. Natural spaces are multi-functional, and the limitation of single function should be discarded. No matter how small natural spaces are, they should also play a comprehensive value. However, different natural spaces have respective focuses on the ecological value, social value, historical value, production value and aesthetic value.
5. Natural attributes. The nature in cities is diverse. Natural areas in cities, especially large-scale natural areas, should have sufficient natural attributes. There should also be certain areas in the city that exclude or basically exclude human interference and control, so that the nature there can succeed according to its own rules, so as to form the wilderness or secondary wilderness in the city, in order to play more efficient ecological value in maintaining the health of the city, protecting the ecological environment, and bearing the biological habitat.
6. Publicness. Most of the natural areas in the city are also outdoor public spaces in citizens' living. The urban blocks and these natural spaces should be connected through various corridors or micro corridors, so that the open green space has convenient accessibility, connectivity, permeability, and shareability, to meet the diverse and rich outdoor life needs of citizens for rest, communication, sports, sightseeing, education, and entertainment.
7. Ecological infrastructure. The urban ecosystem is extremely fragile, and various gray infrastructures occupy the largest area in the city and squeeze the natural space of the city. The design and construction of these infrastructures should minimize the adverse effects on the ecology, and encourage the preservation of natural processes under the premise of satisfying their safety and functions, such as the ecological protective embankments and permeable paving. All kinds of buildings should leave possible space for natural growth, which is not limited to the greening of the roof and wall of the building.
8. Regionality. The cultural diversity of different regions reflects the diversity of nature that nurtures different cultures. The nature in the city should reflect the regional culture and remind us of the unique local culture and value. The nature in the city should maintain the natural topography and landforms, adopt zonal plants, continue historical features, and encourage respect for nature, geography, culture, and life.
9. Spiritual attributes. Chinese people have placed their emotions and hearts in nature since ancient times. Mountains, rivers, forests and springs have always been the scenery in the hearts of the Chinese people; pastoral, as an agricultural area in the transition between city and nature, is not only related to the survival of human beings, but also an important component of the natural ecosystem, and the home of human emotions as well. The nature in the city must become a poetic nature, injected into the lives of the Chinese people, and carrying the unique aesthetics of the Chinese people.
10. Productiveness. It is encouraged that if conditions permit, green spaces, especially in communities, can become productive gardens, which not only bring the production of vegetables and other foods, but also allow residents to get closer to nature, ease the pressure of urban life, and create harmonious neighborhoods, and allow children to receive more natural education and get their healthy minds cultivated.
With these advocacies realized, the nature in the city will not only be a touch of green on the map, but the nature integrated into our lives. It will be the chirps of cicadas we hear in the afternoon, the croaking of frogs in the pond after the rain, and the inadvertent sightings of the sprouting grass and trees, blooming wildflowers, high-flying eagles, and returning swallows and geese. We will also see the jumping birds in the forest, the busy squirrels, the reeds swaying by the river, and the fish and shrimps swimming in the water, and the colorfully-dressed forests, golden fields, and grasshoppers and mantis jumping in grass as well.
《中国园林》主编城市探险中如何发现独特的建筑和景观：王向荣 教授
Prof. Dr.-Ing. WANG Xiangrong
Chief Editor
引文格式
王向荣.城市自然的十点倡导[J].中国园林，2021，37(12)：2-3.
文章来源：《中国园林》杂志
审核：李燕妮
